Claude Lanzmann was born in Paris on November 27, 1925. He spent part of his wartime youth hiding in the mountains of central France and part of it in the French underground fighting with the partisans (maquis) for which he was decorated. His father was a French Resistance leader, and his bother was also a Resistance member. His mother stayed in hiding in Paris, where she was arrested three times and escaped only "by a series of miracles." Lanzmann has a degree in philosophy, and studied at the University of Berlin in 1948-49. In 1952 he met Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and began working at the journal they had founded, Les Temps Modernes, of which Lanzmann is today the director. In 1952, he also visited Israel for the first time and was deeply affected by the experience. Up to 1970 Lanzmann split his time between Les Temps Modernes and journalism, both print and television. In 1970, Lanzmann decided to become a documentary filmmaker. He prepared and shot his first film POURQUOI ISRAEL (WHY ISRAEL), a response, in part, to his former anti-colonialist comrades who refused to understand how someone who agitated for Algeria's independence from France could also fervently support the survival of Israel. Lanzmann began working on SHOAH during the summer of 1974; the film occupied him full time for 11 years. The film's release throughout the world in 1985 was greeted as a major event, both as history and as cinema.